What Is Lewy Body Dementia?

Lewy body dementia (LBD) is a complex and often misunderstood type of dementia that affects millions of people worldwide. At KYN, we understand the importance of providing accurate information and compassionate dementia care for those living with this condition. In this comprehensive guide, we explore the intricacies of Lewy body dementia, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options, to help you better understand this difficult cognitive condition.

Understanding Lewy Body Dementia

Lewy body dementia, also known as dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), is a progressive type of dementia caused by the accumulation of abnormal protein deposits called Lewy bodies in the brain. These tiny clumps of proteins, named after Frederic Lewy who first identified them, interfere with normal brain function and lead to a range of cognitive, motor, and behavioural symptoms. LBD is considered the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It's estimated that of those living with dementia, 10-15% are with Lewy body dementia, although it is often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed due to its complex and varied presentation. Understanding its unique characteristics is crucial for proper diagnosis and management.

The Causes of Lewy Body Dementia

The exact cause of living with Lewy body dementia is not fully understood, but researchers believe it results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The primary feature of LBD is the accumulation of alpha-synuclein protein in the brain, forming Lewy bodies. These protein deposits disrupt normal brain function and lead to the characteristic symptoms of Lewy body. While the specific triggers for Lewy body formation remain unclear, scientists have identified several risk factors that may contribute to the development of LBD:

• Age is the most significant risk factor, with most cases occurring in individuals over 50 years old.
• There is evidence suggesting a genetic component, as individuals with a family history of LBD or Parkinson's disease may have an increased risk of living with the condition.

Types of Lewy Body Dementia

Lewy body dementia encompasses two related conditions: dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). While both conditions involve the presence of Lewy bodies in the brain, they differ in the timing and progression of symptoms.

Dementia with Lewy bodies

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is characterised by cognitive symptoms that appear concurrently with or before the onset of movement problems.

Parkinson’s disease

In contrast, Parkinson's disease dementia develops in individuals who have been living with Parkinson's disease for several years before experiencing significant cognitive decline. Despite these distinctions, as the conditions evolves, the symptoms of DLB and PDD often become increasingly similar.

Signs and Symptoms of Lewy Body Dementia

Living with Lewy body dementia presents with a wide range of symptoms that can vary significantly from person to person. The hallmark features of LBD include cognitive fluctuations, visual hallucinations, and Parkinsonism. However, it can affect multiple aspects of a person's physical, cognitive, and emotional well-being.

Cognitive symptoms

Cognitive symptoms of living with  Lewy body dementia may include problems with attention, executive function, and visuospatial abilities. Unlike living with  Alzheimer's disease, memory loss is often not the primary early symptom in LBD. Instead, individuals may experience fluctuations in alertness and attention, with periods of confusion alternating with periods of clarity.

Visual hallucinations

Visual hallucinations are a common and often early symptom of living with LBD. These hallucinations are typically well-formed and detailed, and may involve seeing people, animals, or objects that are not present. It's important to note that these hallucinations can be distressing for the individual experiencing them and may contribute to anxiety or agitation.

Movement symptoms

Movement symptoms in living with Lewy body dementia resemble those seen in Parkinson's disease. These may include slow movement (bradykinesia), rigidity, tremor, and problems with balance and coordination. In time, individuals may experience difficulty with walking and an increased risk of falls.

Sleep disturbances

Sleep disturbances are another significant feature of living with LBD. Many people living with the condition experience REM sleep behaviour disorder, where they physically act out their dreams during sleep.

Autonomic dysfunction

Autonomic dysfunction is also common when living with Lewy body dementia. This can lead to problems with blood pressure regulation, body temperature control, and bladder and bowel function. These symptoms can significantly impact an individual's quality of life and require careful management.

Diagnosis of Lewy Body Dementia

Diagnosing Lewy body dementia can be difficult  due to its complex and varied presentation. Many symptoms of living with LBD overlap with other conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, which can lead to misdiagnosis. A comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare professional with expertise in dementia is crucial for an accurate diagnosis. The diagnostic process typically involves a detailed medical history, physical and neurological examinations, cognitive assessments, and various imaging studies.

Treatment and Management of Lewy Body Dementia

While there is currently no cure for living with Lewy body dementia, various treatments and management strategies can help alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life for individuals living with the condition. A comprehensive treatment plan typically involves a combination of medications, non-pharmacological interventions, and supportive care. Supporting individuals with Lewy body dementia and their caregivers is an essential aspect of management. This may involve education about the condition, counselling, support groups, and care services. In addition, creating a safe and supportive environment, establishing routines, and promoting social engagement can all contribute to improved quality of life for those living with LBD.

Lewy Body Dementia Care at KYN

Lewy body dementia is a complex form of dementia that requires a comprehensive approach to care and management. At KYN, we are committed to providing expert care and support for individuals living with LBD and their families. By increasing awareness and understanding of this condition, we can work towards better outcomes and improved quality of life for those living with Lewy body dementia. For more information about our specialised dementia care services at KYN, please don't hesitate to contact us.