What Is A Cognitive Impairment?

As we age, it's natural to experience some changes in our thinking and memory skills. However, when these changes start to impact daily life and become more noticeable, it may be a sign of cognitive impairment. This condition can be influenced by various factors, including treatable and untreatable health conditions. KYN, a provider of residential and nursing care in London, explores what constitutes a cognitive impairment, its various causes, and when to seek help.

What is Cognitive Impairment?

Cognitive impairment is a term that describes changes in mental abilities, such as memory, attention, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. These changes are more significant than what is typically expected with normal ageing. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition characterised by subtle changes in cognitive function that are noticeable to the individual and those close to them but do not significantly interfere with daily life. People with MCI may experience some challenges with remembering recent events, following conversations, or making decisions, but they can still function independently.

MCI Caused by Treatable Health Conditions

In some cases, MCI may be caused by health conditions that can improve with proper treatment. These include:

1. Sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea
2. Side effects of certain medications
3. Low blood pressure
4. Mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, and chronic stress
5. Functional cognitive disorder
6. Sensory impairments, like vision or hearing loss
7. Infections, such as the after-effects of viruses
8. Severe constipation
9. Excessive alcohol consumption
10. Imbalances in vitamins, minerals, hormones, or blood sugar levels

These conditions can exacerbate MCI symptoms, particularly if the person is also experiencing frailty, fatigue, or pain. Approximately 40% of individuals with MCI may see improvements in their condition. However, the recovery may not be permanent, and similar issues could arise again in the future. Some people with MCI may experience improvements over time without medical intervention, especially if the condition is related to a stressful life event or a viral infection. Support from counselling, peer groups, or rehabilitation services can facilitate recovery.

MCI Caused by Stable or Progressive Conditions

In some cases, MCI may be caused by a health condition that directly affects the brain. These conditions can be either stable, meaning the symptoms remain consistent over time, or progressive, which means they will change over time.

Stable MCI

Stable MCI can occur with chronic health conditions that cause minor cognitive issues but rarely result in living with dementia. Examples include heart failure, epilepsy, lung or kidney disease, and certain types of stroke. MCI caused by stroke can be unpredictable, with some individuals remaining stable for years while others may experience changes more rapidly.

Progressive MCI

Progressive MCI is often caused by neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Lewy body disease. In these cases, the condition will change over time, eventually leading to living with dementia. However, the rate of progression varies significantly from person to person.

Reducing the Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment

While ageing is the most significant risk factor for MCI, evidence suggests that certain lifestyle changes may help reduce the long-term risk. These changes primarily involve maintaining physical health and supporting brain health. They include:

1. Engaging in regular physical activity
2. Following a healthy diet
3. Avoiding smoking
4. Limiting alcohol consumption
5. Staying mentally and socially active
6. Managing other health conditions, such as hypertension or diabetes

Ideally, these lifestyle changes should be adopted by midlife (40s and 50s). However, it's never too late for the brain to benefit from a healthier lifestyle.

Seeking Help for Cognitive Impairment

If you notice potential symptoms of cognitive impairment in yourself or someone close to you, seeking medical advice is essential. Early intervention, diagnosis, and treatment provide the best opportunity to manage symptoms. At KYN, we provide specialised residential and nursing care for individuals living with dementia and cognitive impairments. Our experienced team is dedicated to supporting our residents and their families through personalised care plans and engaging activities. If you or a loved one is experiencing symptoms of living with MCI or dementia, please don't hesitate to reach out to us for guidance and support. Call us on +44 (0) 20 3535 1923 or email enquiries@kyn.co.uk today to arrange a brochure or visit.